Ancient Egyptian religion was a
complex system of polytheistic beliefs and rituals which were an integral part
of ancient Egyptian society. It centered on the Egyptians' interaction with
many deities who were believed to be present in, and in control of, the forces
and elements of nature. The practices of Egyptian religion were efforts to
provide for the gods and gain their favor. Formal religious practice centered
on the pharaoh, the king of Egypt. Although a human, the Pharaoh was believed
to be descended from the gods. He acted as the intermediary between his people
and the gods, and was obligated to sustain the gods through rituals and
offerings so that they could maintain order in the universe. The state
dedicated enormous resources to Egyptian rituals and to the construction of the
temples.
Individuals could interact with
the gods for their own purposes, appealing for their help through prayer or
compelling them to act through magic. These practices were distinct from, but
closely linked with, the formal rituals and institutions. The popular religious
tradition grew more prominent in the course of Egyptian history as the status
of the Pharaoh declined. Another important aspect was the belief in the
afterlife and funerary practices. The Egyptians made great efforts to ensure
the survival of their souls after death, providing tombs, grave goods, and
offerings to preserve the bodies and spirits of the deceased.
The religion had its roots in
Egypt's prehistory and lasted for more than 3,000 years. The details of
religious belief changed over time as the importance of particular gods rose
and declined, and their intricate relationships shifted. At various times,
certain gods became preeminent over the others, including the sun god Ra, the
creator god Amun, and the mother goddess Isis. For a brief period, in the
aberrant theology promulgated by the Pharaoh Akhenaten, a single god, the Aten,
replaced the traditional pantheon. Ancient Egyptian religion and mythology left
behind many writings and monuments, along with significant influences on
ancient and modern cultures.
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